Equity Research vs. Investment Banking: An Overview
Investment banking may no longer be the undisputed first choice for the best and brightest. Instead of streaming into investment banking, many top graduates are now opting for careers in management consulting, technology, or launching their own startups. While the allure of investment banking may have dimmed, due to long hours and a stressful work environment, the industry still attracts many workers. Equity research is also another destination for prospective financial employees.
Equity research is sometimes viewed as the unglamorous, lower-paid cousin of investment banking. The reality, though, differs from this widely held perception. In order to help you formulate your own opinion, here’s a head-to-head comparison of equity research (sell-side research that is conducted by the research departments of broker-dealers) and investment banking in 10 key areas.
Key Takeaways
- A career in finance can take many paths, including investment banking and equity research.
- Investment bankers work on M&A deals and issue new securities to the market.
- Equity researchers conduct thorough analysis and research of companies and their share price to issue investment recommendations.
- Each role has different responsibilities and hours, which will suit prospective candidates differently.
- The pay for investment bankers is a bit higher in the early career stage, especially when bonuses are included, and this gap further widens over the course of a career.
Equity Research
Equity researchers analyze stocks to help portfolio managers make better-informed investment decisions. Equity researchers employ problem-solving skills, data interpretation, and various other tools to understand and predict a given security’s behavioral outlook.
This often involves quantitatively analyzing a stock’s statistical data in relation to recent market activity. Finally, equity researchers may be tasked with developing investment models and screening tools that identify trading strategies that help manage portfolio risk.
Equity researchers are responsible for identifying patterns with current market price changes and using this information to create algorithms that identify profitable stock investment opportunities. The equity researcher should be able to understand the idiosyncratic differences between various international markets in order to cross-compare domestic and foreign stocks.
The low end of the salary range is $52,000, while the high end sits at $147,000. The average salary is over 93,000 as of 2024. Private equity firms and other financial services companies are the chief employers of equity researchers. The majority of these jobs are based in New York City, although firms are increasingly offering positions in major metropolitan hubs like Chicago, Boston, and San Francisco.
Investment Banking
Investment banking is a specific division of banking related to the raising of capital for other companies, governments, and other entities. Investment banks underwrite new debt and equity securities for all types of corporations; aid in the sale of securities; and help to facilitate mergers and acquisitions, reorganizations, and broker trades for both institutions and private investors.
Investment banks also provide guidance to issuers regarding the issue and placement of stock. Investment banking positions can include elements of consulting, banking, capital market analysis, research, trading, and much more. Each requires a specific skills to be developed.
A degree in finance, economics, accounting, or mathematics is a good start for an investment banking career. However, most investment banking jobs focus their recruiting on elite universities.
Those interested in investment banking should strongly consider pursuing a Master of Business Administration (MBA) or other professional qualifications.
Great people skills are a huge positive in any investment banking position. Even dedicated research analysts spend a lot of time working as part of a team or consulting with clients. Some positions require more of a sales touch than others, but comfort in a professional social environment is key. Other important skills include communication skills (explaining concepts to clients or other departments) and a high degree of initiative.
Key Differences
1. Work-Life Balance
Equity research is the clear winner here. Although 12-hour days on weekdays are the norm for equity research associates and analysts, there are at least phases of relative calm. The busiest times include initiating coverage on a sector or specific stock, and earnings season when corporate earnings reports have to be analyzed rapidly.
The hours in investment banking are almost always brutal, with 60-80 hours per week being a baseline for investment banking analysts (the lowest on the totem pole). During busy times, work weeks can be up to 100 hours or more.
There has been a growing backlash against the atrocious hours demanded by investment banking analysts. In response, Goldman Sachs has enacted a rule guaranteeing that bankers will not have to work between 9 p.m. Friday and 9 a.m. on Sunday. These restrictions may do little to change the “work hard, play hard” culture of investment banking.
The most common complaint of those who have quit investment banking is that the total lack of work-life balance leads to burnout. That complaint is seldom heard from those employed in equity research.
Major financial jobs tend to be concentrated in major financial hubs such as New York, Chicago, London, and Hong Kong. This is no different for equity research analysts and especially investment bankers, many of whom are paid to relocate to their firm’s home city.
2. Visibility
Equity research is the winner in this area as well. Associates and junior analysts often receive recognition for their work by being named on research reports that are distributed to a firm’s sales force, clients, and media outlets.
Since senior analysts are recognized experts on the companies they cover in a sector, they are sought after by the media for comments on these companies after they report earnings or announce a material development.
Investment bankers, on the other hand, toil in relative obscurity at the junior level; however, their visibility increases significantly as they climb the investment banking ladder, especially if they are part of a team that works on large, prestigious deals.
3. Advancement
Investment banking wins in this area. There is a clear path with defined time frames for career progression in investment banking. This begins with the analyst position (two to three years), then transitions to an associate position (three-plus years), after which one is in line to become a vice president and eventually director or managing director.
The career path in equity research is less clearly defined but generally goes as follows—associate, analyst, senior analyst, and, finally, vice president or director of research. Within the firm, however, investment bankers probably have better prospects for reaching the very top, since they are deal makers and manage relationships with the firm’s biggest clients.
Research analysts, on the other hand, might be viewed as number crunchers who do not have the same ability to bring in big business.
4. Job Functions
Investment banking probably wins here as well, albeit only over the longer term. Equity research associates start off by doing a lot of financial modeling and analysis under the supervision of the analyst who is responsible for the coverage of a specific sector or group of companies.
Also, associates also communicate to a limited extent with buy-side clients, top management of the companies under coverage, and the firm’s traders and salespeople. Over time, their responsibilities evolve to less financial modeling and a greater degree of report writing and formulating investment opinions and theses; however, there isn’t a great deal of variability in the job functions of associates and analysts. What varies is the relative time spent on these functions.
Investment bankers, on the other hand, spend the first few years of their careers immersed in financial modeling, comparative analysis, and preparing presentations and pitchbooks. But as they climb the ladder, they get the opportunity to work on exciting deals such as mergers and acquisitions or initial public offerings.
Research analysts only get this opportunity occasionally, when they are brought “over the wall” (the “wall” refers to the mandatory separation between investment banking and research) to assist on a specific deal involving a company that they know inside out.
5. Education and Designations
A bachelor’s degree is a must for any aspiring equity research analyst or investment banking associate. Common areas of study include economics, accounting, finance, mathematics, or even physics and biology, which are other analytical fields; however, it is very unlikely that a bachelor’s degree alone will be enough to get a job in these fields.
The difference between an equity researcher and an investment banker is determined by what post-graduate credentials are usually obtained. Most equity researchers earn a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation and most investment bankers get a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree.
The CFA, widely regarded as the gold standard for security analysis, has become almost mandatory for anyone wishing to pursue a career in equity research. But while the CFA can be completed at a fraction of the cost of an MBA program, it is an arduous program that needs a great deal of commitment over many years. Being a self-study program, the CFA does not provide an instant professional network as an MBA class does.
The MBA curriculum, by virtue of being more business-oriented and less investment-oriented than the CFA, makes it more suitable for the investment banking profession; however, the competition to get into the best business schools—which is where most Wall Street firms hire their associates—is intense. Many aspiring investment bankers enter into some other financial field, perhaps working as analysts or advisors, and work toward their MBA.
Investment bankers should have an impressive knowledge of financial markets, investments, and company organization. Many pursue their Series 7 or Series 63 FINRA licenses to demonstrate this knowledge.
The most common career path for investment bankers involves graduating from a prestigious university before working for a major global bank, such as Goldman Sachs or Morgan Stanley. After a few years, the aspiring investment banker returns to complete an MBA or receives professional certifications and licenses. When all is said and done, it may take five to six years after receiving an undergraduate degree before being considered for an investment banking role.
6. Skill Sets
Both jobs require a great deal of analytical and mathematical/technical skills, but this especially applies to equity research analysts. These analysts need to be able to perform complex calculations, run predictive models, and prepare financial statements with quick turnarounds.
As noted earlier, financial modeling and in-depth analysis are common to both investment bankers and research analysts in the earlier stages of their careers. Later on, the skill sets diverge, with investment bankers required to be adept at closing deals, handling large transactions, and managing client relationships.
Research analysts, on the other hand, need to be effective at both verbal and written communication and have the ability to make balanced decisions based on rigorous analysis and due diligence.
7. External Opportunities
Successful research analysts and investment bankers generally have no shortage of external opportunities because of their experience, knowledge, and skills. Research analysts are likely to gravitate toward the buy-side (i.e., money managers, hedge funds, and pension funds), while seasoned investment bankers usually join private equity or venture capital firms.
8. Barriers to Entry
Both investment banking and equity research are difficult areas to get into, but barriers to entry may be slightly lower for equity research. While it is not uncommon to see a professional with some years of experience in a specific sector or area join a sell-side firm as an equity analyst or senior analyst, this seldom happens in investment banking.
9. Conflicts of Interest
Although investment bankers and research analysts both have to steer clear of conflicts of interest, this is a bigger issue in equity research than in investment banking. This was highlighted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) enforcement actions against 10 leading Wall Street firms and two-star analysts in 2003, relating to analyst conflicts during the telecom/dot-com boom and bust of the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Under the settlement, the firms paid disgorgement and civil penalties totaling $875 million, among the highest ever imposed in civil securities enforcement actions. The 10 firms also had to agree to undertake a host of structural reforms designed to completely separate their research and investment banking arms.
10. Compensation
Both investment banking and equity research are well-paid professions, but over time, investment banking is a much more lucrative career choice.
Investment bankers are famous for their high pay and large signing bonuses. According to the online finance community “Wall Street Oasis,” summer interns earn the equivalent of around $77,000, plus a signing bonus of around $6,000. First-year analysts at major banks earned an average salary of $83,278, plus bonuses, according to PayScale.
Important
Total compensation will vary greatly depending on job location, company, and the employee’s performance review.
The real moneymakers, however, are investment banking associates, who earn between $150,000 and $200,000, with a 50% to 100% bonus. It is not unusual for total compensation for a senior vice president or managing director to exceed $400,000 annually.
The average equity research analyst earns about $83,996 in annual compensation, according to PayScale, plus a bonus. Research analysts also indirectly generate revenues through sales and trading activities that are based on their recommendations.
The reputation of a firm’s research department may be a significant factor in swaying a company’s decision when selecting an underwriter when it has to raise capital. But even though the investment firm may make a substantial amount through underwriting fees and commissions, research analysts are prohibited from being compensated directly or indirectly from investment banking revenues.
Special Considerations
Instead, research analysts are compensated over and above their salaries from a bonus pool. These periodic bonuses are determined by a number of factors including trading activity based on the analysts’ recommendations, the success of such recommendations, the profitability of the firm, and its capital markets division and buy-side rankings.
Nonetheless, entry-level investment bankers may receive total compensation that is higher than their research counterparts, and this gap may widen markedly over time.
Is Equity Research the Same As Investment Banking?
No, equity research is not the same as investment banking. Both jobs have similarities but clear distinctions in overall purpose. Equity researchers evaluate companies with the goal of making investment recommendations. They analyze a company in all aspects, from its financials to its competition to its industry outlook, and its share price, to determine how the company might perform in the future and how its share price might move. Investment bankers also analyze companies in a similar fashion, but their goal is to determine whether a company is suitable for a merger or acquisition.
What Skills Do You Need for an Equity Research Job?
The skills required for an equity research job include an understanding of finance, economics, and accounting. An equity researcher must be able to analyze a company’s financial statement. Equity researchers should also know financial modeling, Excel, and valuation methods. In addition to the quantitative skills required, equity researchers should be able to write well as they will be writing investment recommendations based on their quantitative analysis.
How Many Hours Does an Equity Research Associate Work?
An equity research associate typically works 55 to 60 hours per week, which can increase to 70 to 80 hours per week during earnings releases. Typically, equity researchers do not need to work weekends. The hours for an equity research associate or analyst are often less than that of an investment banker, who often has to work weekends.
The Bottom Line
Overall, if one has to make a choice between embarking on a career in equity research versus one in investment banking, factors such as work-life balance, visibility, and barriers to entry favor equity research. On the other hand, factors like prospects for advancement, job functions, and compensation tilt the scales in favor of investment banking. Ultimately, however, the choice comes down to your own skill set, personality, education, and ability to manage work pressures and conflicts of interest.
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